What Is Chemotherapy?

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Chemotherapy uses specialised anticancer drugs (also called cytotoxic medicines) to destroy cancer cells.

The goal of chemotherapy is to eliminate any microscopic cancer cells that may have spread beyond the breast and are too small to be seen on scans or blood tests.

 

Chemotherapy may be used at different stages of treatment:

 

• Adjuvant chemotherapy: given after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer returning.

• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: given before surgery to shrink the tumour and make surgery easier or less invasive.

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How Does Chemotherapy Work?

 

Chemotherapy targets and stops rapidly dividing cells — a hallmark of cancer.

Because some normal cells also divide quickly (like those in hair follicles and the digestive tract), chemotherapy can temporarily affect them too, which is why some side effects occur.

Normal cells, however, recover more easily than cancer cells after treatment.

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How Is Chemotherapy Given?

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Breast cancer chemotherapy is usually given as a series of treatment cycles, each followed by a rest period to allow recovery.

 

• Treatment schedule: typically every 3 weeks, for 4–6 cycles, but may vary based on the drugs used.

• Method: Most chemotherapy is given intravenously (through a drip) by a specialist oncology nurse. Some medications are available as tablets or capsules.

• Duration: each session lasts a few hours, usually as a day treatment, allowing patients to go home the same day.

 

Treatment is planned and monitored by a medical oncologist, supported by a team of chemotherapy nurses and pharmacists.

Before your first cycle, you will receive detailed information about your medications, possible side effects, and who to contact with any concerns.

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Common Chemotherapy Drugs for Breast Cancer

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Treatment is highly individualised, but commonly used drugs include:

 

• Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and Cyclophosphamide (AC)

• Paclitaxel (Taxol®) or Docetaxel (Taxotere®)

• Carboplatin

• Capecitabine

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Chemotherapy is often combined with other treatments such as:

 

• Hormone-blocking therapy: e.g. Tamoxifen, Anastrozole (Arimidex®), Letrozole (Femara®), Exemestane (Aromasin®)

• Targeted therapy: e.g. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) or Abemaciclib (Verzenio®)

• Immunotherapy: e.g. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), which helps the immune system attack cancer cells

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Your oncologist will design a regimen that suits your cancer type and overall health.

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Common Side Effects and Management

 

Chemotherapy affects people differently. Most side effects are temporary and manageable, and your care team will guide you through prevention and relief strategies.

 

1. Tiredness (Fatigue)

 

• Common during treatment and can persist for several days after each cycle.

• Light exercise and balanced rest can reduce fatigue.

• Staying hydrated and eating well also help recovery.

 

 

2. Changes in Taste or Appetite

 

• Food may taste metallic or different.

• Eat small, frequent meals and try new flavours.

• Dietitian support can help maintain nutrition.

 

 

3. Nausea and Vomiting

 

• Modern anti-nausea medications are highly effective.

• Take them regularly as prescribed, even before feeling sick.

• If nausea persists, contact your care team for adjustment.

 

 

4. Hair Loss (Alopecia)

 

• Hair thinning or loss is common but temporary.

• Hair usually regrows after treatment.

• Options include scalp cooling, wigs, scarves, or head coverings.

 

 

5. Blood Count Changes

Chemotherapy can lower the number of blood cells temporarily:

 

• White blood cells: lower resistance to infection

• Red blood cells: fatigue and anaemia

• Platelets: bruising or prolonged bleeding

 

 

If your white blood cell count drops, you may receive medication (such as Pegfilgrastim) to help with recovery.

A fever of 38°C or higher during treatment is a medical emergency — go to your nearest hospital immediately.

 

6. Mouth Ulcers

 

• Keep your mouth clean with a soft toothbrush and mild mouthwash.

• Avoid alcohol-based products.

• Inform your nurse or doctor if soreness develops — medicated rinses may be prescribed.

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7. Skin Sensitivity

 

• Skin may darken, dry, or become sun-sensitive.

• Use Sorbolene or non-perfumed moisturiser, sunscreen, and avoid prolonged sun exposure.

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8. Fertility and Contraception

 

• Chemotherapy may cause temporary or permanent menopause, depending on age and drugs used.

• Discuss fertility preservation options (e.g. egg or embryo storage) before treatment.

• Avoid pregnancy during and for at least 12 months after chemotherapy.

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9. Bowel or Digestive Changes

 

• May cause constipation, diarrhoea, or indigestion.

• Drink plenty of fluids, maintain a fibre-rich diet, and discuss suitable medications with your doctor.

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Working During Chemotherapy

 

Many patients continue to work during treatment, especially if their employer offers flexible hours.

 

• Plan to rest for a few days after each cycle.

• You may need time off for medical appointments or side effects.

• Your doctor can provide medical certificates as needed.

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Minimising Side Effects and Self-Care

 

• Drink plenty of water and eat nutritious meals.

• Maintain light physical activity as tolerated.

• Avoid alcohol and smoking.

• Discuss any supplements, herbal remedies, or over-the-counter medications with your doctor before use, as they may interfere with chemotherapy.

• Support groups and complementary programs (e.g. gentle yoga, mindfulness) can also help manage fatigue and stress.

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Who Will Help During Treatment?

Your chemotherapy care team includes:

 

• Medical oncologist – supervises your treatment plan

• Chemotherapy nurses – administer and monitor each session

• Pharmacists – prepare and check medications

• Breast care nurses and support staff – provide ongoing education and emotional support

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At Breast & Wellness, every patient is supported by a multidisciplinary team committed to safe, personalised, and compassionate care.

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Key Points

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• Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or control cancer cells throughout the body.

• It may be given before or after surgery.

• Most side effects are temporary and manageable.

• Supportive medications prevent infection, nausea, and other issues.

• The team at Breast & Wellness provides continuous care before, during, and after chemotherapy.

 

 

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